基于关联矩阵的土地利用导向分区研究

研究探讨土地利用开发与生态保护之间的联动耦合关系,建立土地利用开发-保护二维关联矩阵；提出在ArcGIS支持下,基于土地利用开发-保护二维关联矩阵实现土地利用导向分区的方法与技术路线,选择位于北京东部发展带的重要结点河北省廊坊市为实证研究区,开展土地利用导向分区的方法与实证研究,并提出基于土地利用导向分区的廊坊市土地利用策略,以期为区域合理配置土地资源提供理论与方法依据,希望对研究区以至相关区域可持续发展有所帮助.研究主要结论和建议:①实证研究结果表明土地利用开发-保护二维关联矩阵是进行土地利用导向分区行之有效的方法,分区结果能基本反映廊坊市经济社会发展战略实际情况;研究提出的矩阵构建思路以及基于土地利用开发-保护关联矩阵在ArcGIS中实现土地利用导向分区的操作路线和方法具有普适性;②根据土地利用开发-保护二维关联矩阵划分出廓坊市四个土地利用导向区:重点开发利用区、适度开发利用区、适度保护用地区与重点保护用地区；③提出基于土地利用导向分区的廊坊市土地利用策略:重点开发利用区,推荐点-轴开发模式；适度开发利用区,采用集群发展模式;适度保护用地区,实行点状集约利用开发模式；重点保护用地区,采用疏解保护模式.     

基于风险矩阵的水电站项目风险分级评估方法研究——以乌东德水电站为例

为了解决千万千瓦级巨型水电站项目建设过程的风险分析问题，以我国目前在建的千万千瓦级水电站重要项目—乌东德水电站为例，对水电站项目存在的隐患进行排查和梳理，找出影响安全施工的危险源，并采用风险矩阵法对其进行风险评估，将存在的风险按照其造成的影响后果不同分成可忽略（Ⅰ级）、可接受（Ⅱ级）、有条件可接受（Ⅲ级）和不可接受（Ⅳ）4个等级。研究结果不仅可用于查找、分析整个水电站项目建设过程中存在的重大风险，对风险进行有效、科学、简捷地评估，还可将各个风险点进行明确划分，对同类千万千瓦级巨型水电站的风险分析和安全管理工作具有参考和借鉴作用。     

SVD在串联故障电弧检测及选相中的应用*

煤矿井下发生串联故障电弧易引发火灾等安全事故，为了预防电气火灾、指导线路维修，利用三相电动机及变频器负载开展不同线路、不同电流条件下的串联故障电弧实验，研究三相串联故障电弧的检测及选相方法。首先，对单相电流进行一阶差分处理后，建立改进的吸引子轨迹矩阵作为故障特征矩阵；其次，对故障特征矩阵进行奇异值分解，采用特征矩阵的奇异值构建串联故障电弧检测及选相的特征向量；最后，利用极限学习机建立故障电弧检测及选相模型，并测试检测及选相准确率。研究结果表明:提出的SVD方法可以利用单相电流实现三相电动机及变频器负载回路中的串联故障电弧检测及选相。     

Interactive Effects of Harvest and Deer Herbivory on the Population Dynamics of American Ginseng

Abstract:  Few demographic models for any species consider the role of multiple, interacting ecological threats. Many forest herbs are heavily browsed by white-tailed deer ( Odocoileus virginianus ) and a number of these are also harvested for the medicinal, floral, or horticultural trades. Previous studies of the viability of American ginseng ( Panax quinquefolius ) have separately examined the effects of harvesting and deer herbivory. We followed individually marked ginseng plants in 6 populations for 8 years and documented deer browse levels, conducted helicopter surveys to estimate the deer herd size, and documented 2 ginseng harvests. We used this long-term data set to develop a stochastic demographic model that quantified the separate and interactive role of these threats to ginseng viability. Although harvesting and deer herbivory negatively affected ginseng population growth, their effects were not additive. Deer herbivory negatively affected population growth in the absence but not in the presence of harvesting. Life table response experiments revealed that in the presence of harvesting, deer herbivory had some positive effects on vital rates because browsed plants were less apparent to harvesters. Ginseng populations that were harvested responsibly (i.e., planting seeds from harvested individuals) had higher growth rates than those that were harvested irresponsibly. We concluded that both deer populations and harvesting must be managed to ensure sustainable populations of American ginseng. Our findings underscore the importance of long-term monitoring to assess threats to viability and the need for a broad ecological understanding of the complexity of ecosystem management.     

A multiscale hierarchical Markov transition matrix model for generating and analyzing thematic raster maps

A model is described for generating hierarchically scaled spatial pattern as represented in a thematic raster map. The model involves a series of Markov transition matrices, one for each level in the scaling hierarchy. In full generality, the model allows the transition matrices to be different at each level, potentially making available a large number of parameters for landscape characterization. The model is self-similar when the transition matrices are all equal. A method is presented for fitting the model to data that take the form of a single-resolution thematic raster map. Explicit analytic solutions are obtained for the fitted parameters. The fitting method is based on a relationship between the hierarchical transitions in the model and spatial transitions at varying distance scales in the data map, a categorical analogy of the geostatistical variogram.     

Land Development in and around Protected Areas at the Wilderness Frontier

Protected areas’ chief conservation objectives are to include species within their boundaries and protect them from negative external pressures. Many protected areas are not achieving these goals, perhaps in part due to land development inside and outside protected areas. We conducted spatial analyses to evaluate the ability of Canadian protected areas to mitigate the effects of nearby land development. We investigated correlations of national patterns of land development in and around protected areas and then examined national patterns of roads, urban area, and croplands in protected areas. We calculated the amount of developed land in protected areas and within 25–100 km of protected‐area borders, the density of roads, and extent of urban and cropland area in protected areas. We constructed logistic‐regression models to test whether development in a protected area was associated with landscape and protected‐area characteristics. Land development was far less extensive inside than outside protected areas. However, several protected areas, particularly small southern areas near small urban centers had substantial development inside their boundaries, and nearly half of protected areas had roads. The cumulative extent of development within 50 km of protected areas was the best predictor of the probability of land development in protected areas. Canadian First Nations, industries, government, and nongovernmental organizations are currently planning an unprecedented number of new protected areas. Careful management of areas beyond protected‐area boundaries may prove critical to meeting their long‐term conservation objectives. Desarrollo de Tierras Dentro y Alrededor de Áreas Protegidas en la Frontera Silvestre     

Exceptional responders in conservation

Conservation operates within complex systems with incomplete knowledge of the system and the interventions utilized. This frequently results in the inability to find generally applicable methods to alleviate threats to Earth's vanishing wildlife. One approach used in medicine and the social sciences has been to develop a deeper understanding of positive outliers. Where such outliers share similar characteristics, they may be considered exceptional responders. We devised a 4‐step framework for identifying exceptional responders in conservation: identification of the study system, identification of the response structure, identification of the threshold for exceptionalism, and identification of commonalities among outliers. Evaluation of exceptional responders provides additional information that is often ignored in randomized controlled trials and before–after control‐intervention experiments. Interrogating the contextual factors that contribute to an exceptional outcome allow exceptional responders to become valuable pieces of information leading to unexpected discoveries and novel hypotheses.     

多层砌体房屋震害预测分析

对目前我国房屋建筑中一种最为广泛应用的结构形式房屋——多层砌体房屋进行震害预测分析研究,简要介绍六种常用的多层砌体震害预测方法,易损性概率分析法或称为半经验半理论法、强度判别法、延性系数判别法、模糊类比法、人工神经网络法和结构理论计算法,在详细调查房屋基本情况的基础上,综合考虑以上几种方法,提出相应的震害预测的分析方法。对郑东新区砌体房屋进行震害预测,做出该地区的震害矩阵,并给出该地区砌体房屋在地震作用下的破坏程度及相应震害面积。     

Diagnosis of dissolved organic matter removal by GAC treatment in biologically treated papermill effluents using advanced organic characterisation techniques

Granular activated carbon (GAC) exhaustion rates on pulp and paper effluent from South East Australia were found to be a factor of three higher (3.62 cf. 1.47 kg m⁻³) on Kraft mills compared to mills using Thermomechanical pulping supplemented by Recycled Fibre (TMP/RCF). Biological waste treatment at both mills resulted in a final effluent COD of 240 mg L⁻¹. The dissolved organic carbon (DOC) was only 1.2 times higher in the Kraft effluent (70 vs. 58 mg L⁻¹), however, GAC treatment of Kraft and TMP/RCF effluent was largely different on the DOC persisted after biological treatment. The molecular mass (636 vs. 534 g mol⁻¹) and aromaticity (5.35 vs. 4.67 L mg⁻¹ m⁻¹) of humic substances (HS) were slightly higher in the Kraft effluent. The HS aromaticity was decreased by a factor of 1.0 L mg⁻¹ m⁻¹ in both Kraft and TMP/RCF effluent. The molecular mass of the Kraft effluent increased by 50 g mol⁻¹ while the molecular mass of the TMP/RCF effluent was essentially unchanged after GAC treatment; the DOC removal efficiency of the GAC on Kraft effluent was biased towards the low molecular weight humic compounds. The rapid adsorption of this fraction, coupled with the slightly higher aromaticity of the humic components resulted in early breakthrough on the Kraft effluent. Fluorescence excitation-emission matrix analysis of the each GAC treated effluent indicated that the refractory components were higher molecular weight humics on the Kraft effluent and protein-like compounds on the TMP/RCF effluent. Although the GAC exhaustion rates are too high for an effective DOC removal option for biologically treated pulp and paper mill effluents, the study indicates that advanced organic characterisation techniques can be used to diagnose GAC performance on complex effluents with comparable bulk DOC and COD loads.     

基于新型有机多孔复合基质的生物系统去除污染水体中的氮磷

针对太湖入湖河道污染水体中的氮磷超标问题,以海绵铁、沸石、砾石和土壤为基质,采用动态吸附+生物法,对氮磷开展基于新型有机多孔复合填料的去除效果研究,结果表明,生物系统中的新型有机多孔复合基质在空间上形成了好氧-缺氧微环境,获得了较好的同步硝化-反硝化效果;通过正交实验确定流量0.00075 L/s,曝气时间24 h,pH值7,曝气量20 L/min为去除氮磷的最优条件;相对一级动力学方程、双常数方程而言,Elovich方程对3种填料的吸附动力学特征拟合最好,决定系数R2在0.81～0.92之间。通过平均去除效果较优分析,好氧条件下,NH3-N平均去除70.6%,TP平均去除81.2%;厌氧条件下,TN平均去除62.4%,COD平均去除42.6%;NH3-N、TP、TN和COD的最低浓度分别为0.75、0.095、1.1和18.3 mg/L,综合考虑主要污染物的去除效果和经济效益,本项新型有机多孔复合填料结合生物系统适宜去除河原平网地区污染水体中的氮磷。